As electronic systems continue to evolve toward higher sensitivity and greater autonomy, measurement accuracy has become a defining performance parameter rather than a desirable feature. In sectors such as medical electronics and humanoid robotics, signal levels often exist in the microvolt range, where even seemingly insignificant electrical phenomena can compromise system integrity. One frequently overlooked contributor to measurement error is stray voltage generated by the

Introduction In precision electronics, reliability is rarely determined by a single dramatic failure. More often, performance degradation begins subtly, for example: a small thermal drift (e.g., 5–50 ppm/°C shift), an unstable reading, or calibration values that gradually move outside acceptable tolerances. In mission-critical systems, these seemingly minor deviations can eventually lead to inaccurate measurements, reduced operational efficiency, product recalls, or complete